Cloud+Computing+Basic

It is a [|paradigm shift] following the shift from [|mainframe] to [|client–server] that preceded it in the early 1980s. Details are abstracted from the users who no longer have need of expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.[|[1]] Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption and delivery model for IT services based on the Internet, and it typically involves the provision of dynamically [|scalable] and often [|virtualized] resources as a service over the [|Internet].[|[2]][|[3]] It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote [|computing] sites provided by the Internet.[|[4]] The term "cloud" is used as a [|metaphor] for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used in the past to represent the telephone network,[|[5]] and later to depict the Internet in [|computer network diagrams] as an [|abstraction] of the underlying infrastructure it represents.[|[6]] Typical cloud computing providers deliver common [|business applications] online which are accessed from another web service or software like a [|web browser], while the [|software] and [|data] are stored on [|servers]. Most cloud computing infrastructure consists of reliable services delivered through [|data centers] and built on servers. Clouds often appear as single points of access for all consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings are generally expected to meet [|quality of service] (QoS) requirements of customers and typically offer [|SLAs].[|[7]] The major cloud vendors include the largest IT vendors: [|Google], [|IBM], [|Microsoft], and [|HP] along with Amazon and VMWare.[|[8]] hide] * [|1] [|Comparisons]
 * Cloud computing** is [|Internet]-based [|computing], whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like the electricity grid.
 * ==Contents==
 * [|2] [|Characteristics]
 * [|3] [|Economics]
 * [|4] [|Architecture]
 * [|5] [|History]
 * [|6] [|Key features]
 * [|7] [|Layers]
 * [|7.1] [|Client]
 * [|7.2] [|Application]
 * [|7.3] [|Platform]
 * [|7.4] [|Infrastructure]
 * [|7.5] [|Server]
 * [|8] [|Deployment models]
 * [|8.1] [|Public cloud]
 * [|8.2] [|Community cloud]
 * [|8.3] [|Hybrid cloud]
 * [|8.4] [|Private cloud]
 * [|9] [|Issues]
 * [|9.1] [|Privacy]
 * [|9.2] [|Compliance]
 * [|9.3] [|Legal]
 * [|9.4] [|Open source]
 * [|9.5] [|Open standards]
 * [|9.6] [|Security]
 * [|9.7] [|Sustainability]
 * [|10] [|Research]
 * [|11] [|Criticism of the term]
 * [|12] [|Praise of the term]
 * [|13] [|References] ||

[[|edit]] Comparisons
Cloud computing derives characteristics from, but should not be confused with:
 * 1) [|Autonomic computing] — "computer systems capable of [|self-management]".[|[9]]
 * 2) [|Client–server model] – //Client–server computing// refers broadly to any [|distributed application] that distinguishes between service providers (servers) and service requesters (clients).[|[10]]
 * 3) [|Grid computing] — "a form of [|distributed computing] and [|parallel computing], whereby a 'super and virtual computer' is composed of a [|cluster] of networked, [|loosely coupled] computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks"
 * 4) [|Mainframe] — powerful [|computers] used mainly by large organizations for critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as [|census], industry and consumer statistics, [|enterprise resource planning], and financial [|transaction processing].[|[11]]
 * 5) [|Utility computing] — the "packaging of [|computing resources], such as computation and storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional [|public utility], such as [|electricity]";[|[12]]
 * 6) [|Peer-to-peer] – a distributed architecture without the need for central coordination, with participants being at the same time both suppliers and consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional client–server model).

[[|edit]] Characteristics
In general, cloud computing customers do not own the physical infrastructure, instead avoiding [|capital expenditure] by renting usage from a third-party provider. They consume resources as a service and pay only for resources that they use. Many cloud-computing offerings employ the [|utility computing] model, which is analogous to how traditional utility services (such as [|electricity]) are consumed, whereas others bill on a [|subscription] basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power among [|multiple tenants] can improve utilization rates, as servers are not unnecessarily left idle (which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development). A side-effect of this approach is that overall computer usage rises dramatically, as customers do not have to engineer for peak load limits.[|[13]] In addition, "increased high-speed bandwidth" makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.[//[|citation needed]//]

[[|edit]] Economics
Cloud computing users can avoid [|capital expenditure] (CapEx) on hardware, software, and services when they pay a provider only for what they use. Consumption is usually billed on a [|utility] (resources consumed, like electricity) or [|subscription] (time-based, like a newspaper) basis with little or no upfront cost. Other benefits of this [|time sharing]-style approach are low [|barriers to entry], shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead, and immediate access to a broad range of applications. In general, users can terminate the contract at any time (thereby avoiding [|return on investment] risk and uncertainty), and the services are often covered by [|service level agreements] (SLAs) with financial penalties.[|[14]][|[15]] According to [|Nicholas Carr], the strategic importance of [|information technology] is diminishing as it becomes standardized and less expensive. He argues that the cloud computing [|paradigm shift] is similar to the displacement of [|electricity generators] by [|electricity grids] early in the 20th century.[|[16]] Although companies might be able to save on upfront capital expenditures, they might not save much and might actually pay more for operating expenses. In situations where the capital expense would be relatively small, or where the organization has more flexibility in their capital budget than their operating budget, the cloud model might not make great fiscal sense. Other factors impacting the scale of any potential cost savings include the efficiency of a company's data center as compared to the cloud vendor's, the company's existing operating costs, the level of adoption of cloud computing, and the type of functionality being hosted in the cloud.[|[17]][|[18]] Among the items that some cloud hosts charge for are [|instances] (often with extra charges for high-memory or high-CPU instances); data transfer in and out; storage (measured by the GB-month); I/O requests; [|PUT requests] and [|GET requests]; [|IP addresses]; and [|load balancing]. In some cases, users can bid on instances, with pricing dependent on demand for available instances.[//[|citation needed]//]

[[|edit]] Architecture
Cloud computing sample architecture //Cloud architecture//,[|[19]] the [|systems architecture] of the [|software systems] involved in the delivery of //cloud computing//, typically involves multiple //cloud components// communicating with each other over [|application programming interfaces], usually [|web services].[|[20]] This resembles the [|Unix philosophy] of having multiple programs each doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their [|monolithic] counterparts.

[[|edit]] History
The underlying concept of cloud computing dates back to 1960, when [|John McCarthy] opined that "computation may someday be organized as a [|public utility]"; indeed it shares characteristics with [|service bureaus] that date back to the 1960s. The actual term "cloud" borrows from [|telephony] in that telecommunications companies, who until the 1990s primarily offered dedicated point-to-point data circuits, began offering [|Virtual Private Network] (VPN) services with comparable quality of service but at a much lower cost. By switching traffic to balance utilization as they saw fit they were able to utilise their overall network bandwidth more effectively. The cloud symbol was used to denote the demarcation point between that which was the responsibility of the provider from that of the user. Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover servers as well as the network infrastructure.[|[21]] [|Amazon] played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their [|data centers] after the [|dot-com bubble], which, like most [|computer networks], were using as little as 10% of their capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. Having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements whereby small, fast-moving "two-pizza teams" could add new features faster and easier, Amazon started providing access to their systems through [|Amazon Web Services] on a [|utility computing] basis in 2006.[|[22]] In 2007, [|Google], [|IBM], and a number of universities embarked on a large scale cloud computing research project.[|[23]] By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them",[|[24]] and observed that "[o]rganisations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to cloud computing ... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."[|[25]]

[[|edit]] Key features

 * **[|Agility]** improves with users' ability to rapidly and inexpensively re-provision technological infrastructure resources.[|[26]]
 * **[|Cost]** is claimed to be greatly reduced and [|capital expenditure] is converted to [|operational expenditure][|[27]]. This ostensibly lowers [|barriers to entry], as infrastructure is typically provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive computing tasks. Pricing on a [|utility computing] basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).[|[28]]
 * **[|Device] and location independence**[|[29]] enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile). As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.[|[28]]
 * **[|Multi-tenancy]** enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:
 * **Centralization** of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
 * **Peak-load capacity** increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels)
 * **Utilization and efficiency** improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilized.[|[22]]
 * **[|Reliability]** improves through the use of multiple redundant sites, which makes cloud computing suitable for [|business continuity] and [|disaster recovery].[|[30]] Nonetheless, many major cloud computing services have suffered outages, and IT and business managers can at times do little when they are affected.[|[31]][|[32]]
 * **[|Scalability]** via dynamic ("on-demand") [|provisioning] of resources on a fine-grained, self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads. [|Performance] is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using [|web services] as the system interface.[|[28]] One of the most important new methods for overcoming performance bottlenecks for a large class of applications is data parallel programming on a distributed data grid.[|[33]]
 * **[|Security]** could improve due to centralization of data[|[34]], increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for stored kernels[|[35]]. Security is often as good as or better than under traditional systems, in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford.[|[36]] Providers typically log accesses, but accessing the [|audit logs] themselves can be difficult or impossible. Furthermore, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area and / or number of devices.
 * **[|Maintenance]** cloud computing applications are easier to maintain, since they don't have to be installed on each user's computer. They are easier to support and to improve since the changes reach the clients instantly.
 * **[|Metering]** cloud computing resources usage should be measurable and should be metered per client and application on daily, weekly, monthly, and annual basis. This will enable clients on choosing the vendor cloud on cost and reliability (QoS).

[[|edit]] Client
See also: [|Category:Cloud clients] A //cloud client// consists of [|computer hardware] and/or [|computer software] that relies on cloud computing for application delivery, or that is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and that, in either case, is essentially useless without it. Examples include some [|computers], phones and other devices, [|operating systems] and [|browsers].[|[37]][|[38]][|[39]][|[40]][|[41]]

[[|edit]] Application
See also: [|Category:Cloud applications] Cloud application services or "//[|Software as a Service] (SaaS)//" deliver [|software] as a service over the [|Internet], eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computers and simplifying maintenance and support. Key characteristics include:[|[42]]
 * Network-based access to, and management of, commercially available (i.e., not custom) software
 * Activities that are managed from central locations rather than at each customer's site, enabling customers to access applications remotely via the Web
 * Application delivery that typically is closer to a one-to-many model (single instance, multi-tenant architecture) than to a one-to-one model, including architecture, pricing, partnering, and management characteristics
 * Centralized feature updating, which obviates the need for downloadable patches and upgrades.

[[|edit]] Platform
See also: [|Category:Cloud platforms] Cloud platform services or "//Platform as a Service (PaaS)//" deliver a [|computing platform] and/or [|solution stack] as a service, often consuming //cloud infrastructure// and sustaining //cloud applications//.[|[43]] It facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.[|[44]][|[45]]

[[|edit]] Infrastructure
See also: [|Category:Cloud infrastructure] Cloud infrastructure services or "//Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)//" delivers [|computer] [|infrastructure], typically a [|platform virtualization] environment as a service. Rather than purchasing servers, software, data center space or network equipment, clients instead buy those resources as a fully outsourced service. The service is typically billed on a [|utility computing] basis and amount of resources consumed (and therefore the cost) will typically reflect the level of activity. It is an evolution of [|virtual private server] offerings.[|[46]]

[[|edit]] Server
The //servers// layer consists of [|computer hardware] and/or [|computer software] products that are specifically designed for the delivery of cloud services, including multi-core processors, cloud-specific operating systems and combined offerings.[|[37]][|[47]][|[48]][|[49]]

[[|edit]] Deployment models
Cloud computing types

[[|edit]] Public cloud
//Public cloud// or //external cloud// describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via [|web applications]/[|web services], from an off-site third-party provider who [|shares resources] and bills on a fine-grained [|utility computing] basis.[|[28]]

[[|edit]] Community cloud
A //community cloud// may be established where several organizations have similar requirements and seek to share infrastructure so as to realize some of the benefits of cloud computing. With the costs spread over fewer users than a //public cloud// (but more than a single tenant) this option is more expensive but may offer a higher level of privacy, security and/or policy compliance. Examples of //community cloud// include [|Google]'s "Gov Cloud".[|[50]]

[[|edit]] Hybrid cloud
A //hybrid cloud// environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers[|[51]] "will be typical for most enterprises".[|[52]] By integrating multiple cloud services users may be able to ease the transition to //public cloud// services while avoiding issues such as [|PCI compliance].[|[53]]

Another perspective on deploying a web application in the cloud is using [|Hybrid Web Hosting], where the hosting infrastructure is a mix between [|Cloud Hosting] for the web server, and [|Managed dedicated server] for the database server.

[[|edit]] Private cloud
//Private cloud// and //internal cloud// are [|neologisms] that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These (typically [|virtualisation] [|automation]) products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalising on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. They have been criticized on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management[|[52]], essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".[|[54]][|[55]]

[[|edit]] Privacy
The Cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in which the companies hosting the Cloud services control, and thus, can monitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully, the communication and data stored between the user and the host company. Instances such as the secret [|NSA] program, working with [|AT&T], and [|Verizon], which recorded over 10 million phone calls between American citizens, causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater powers it gives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity.[|[56]] While there have been efforts (such as [|US-EU Safe Harbor]) to "harmonise" the legal environment, providers such as [|Amazon] still cater to major markets (typically the United States and the [|European Union]) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select "availability zones."[|[57]]

[[|edit]] Compliance
In order to obtain compliance with regulations including [|FISMA], [|HIPAA] and [|SOX] in the United States, the [|Data Protection Directive] in the [|EU] and the credit card industry's [|PCI DSS], users may have to adopt //community// or //hybrid// deployment modes which are typically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits. This is how [|Google] is able to "manage and meet additional government policy requirements beyond FISMA"[|[58]][|[59]] and [|Rackspace Cloud] are able to claim [|PCI compliance].[|[60]] Customers in the EU contracting with Cloud Providers established outside the EU/EEA have to adhere to the EU regulations on export of personal data[|[61]]. Many providers also obtain [|SAS 70 Type II] certification (e.g. Amazon[|[62]], Salesforce.com[|[63]], Google[|[64]] and Microsoft[|[65]]), but this has been criticised on the grounds that the hand-picked set of goals and standards determined by the auditor and the auditee are often not disclosed and can vary widely.[|[66]] Providers typically make this information available on request, under [|non-disclosure agreement].[|[67]]

[[|edit]] Legal
In March 2007, [|Dell] applied to [|trademark] the term "cloud computing" ( [|U.S. Trademark 77,139,082] ) in the United States. The "Notice of Allowance" the company received in July 2008 was cancelled in August, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application less than a week later. Since 2007, the number of trademark filings covering cloud computing brands, goods and services has increased at an almost exponential rate. As companies sought to better position themselves for cloud computing branding and marketing efforts, cloud computing trademark filings increased by 483% between 2008 and 2009. In 2009, 116 cloud computing trademarks were filed, and trademark analysts predict that over 500 such marks could be filed during 2010.[|[68]]

[[|edit]] Open source
[|Open source software] has provided the foundation for many cloud computing implementations.[|[69]] In November 2007, the [|Free Software Foundation] released the [|Affero General Public License], a version of [|GPLv3] intended to close a perceived [|legal loophole] associated with [|free software] designed to be run over a network.[|[70]]

[[|edit]] Open standards
See also: [|Category:Cloud standards] [|Open standards] are critical to the growth of cloud computing. Most cloud providers expose [|APIs] which are typically well-documented (often under a [|Creative Commons] license[|[71]]) but also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable. Some vendors have adopted others' APIs[|[72]] and there are a number of open standards under development, including the [|OGF]'s [|Open Cloud Computing Interface]. The Open Cloud Consortium (OCC) [|[73]] is working to develop consensus on early cloud computing standards and practices.

[[|edit]] Security
Main article: [|Cloud computing security] The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue which may be delaying its adoption.[|[74]] Some argue that customer data is more secure when managed internally, while others argue that cloud providers have a strong incentive to maintain trust and as such employ a higher level of security.[|[75]] The Cloud Security Alliance is a non-profit organization formed to promote the use of best practices for providing security assurance within Cloud Computing.[|[76]]

[[|edit]] Sustainability
Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "[|green computing]", there is as of yet no published study to substantiate this assumption. [|[77]]

[[|edit]] Research
A number of universities, vendors and government organizations are investing in research around the topic of cloud computing.[|[78]] Academic institutions include University of Melbourne (Australia), Georgia Tech, Yale, Wayne State, Virginia Tech, University of Wisconsin Madison, Boston University, Carnegie Mellon, MIT, Indiana University, University of Massachusetts, University of Maryland, North Carolina State, Purdue, University of California, University of Washington, University of Virginia, University of Utah, University of Minnesota, among others.[|[79]] Joint government, academic and vendor collaborative research projects include the IBM/Google Academic Cloud Computing Initiative (ACCI). In October 2007 [|IBM] and [|Google] announced the multi- university project designed to enhance students' technical knowledge to address the challenges of cloud computing.[|[80]] In April 2009, the [|National Science Foundation] joined the ACCI and awarded approximately $5 million in grants to 14 academic institutions.[|[81]] In July 2008, [|HP], [|Intel] Corporation and [|Yahoo]! announced the creation of a global, multi-data center, open source test bed, called Open Cirrus[|[82]], designed to encourage research into all aspects of cloud computing, service and data center management.[|[83]] Open Cirrus partners include the NSF, the University of Illinois (UIUC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, the Infocomm Development Authority (IDA) of Singapore, the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), the Malaysian Institute for Microelectronic Systems(MIMOS), and the Institute for System Programming at the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPRAS).[|[84]] The [|Enabling Grids for E-sciencE] (EGEE) project provides the world's largest production grid infrastructure for applications for use by more than 10,000 researchers from 50 countries, according to the European Union EGEE Web site.[|[85]] The IEEE Technical Committee on Services Computing[|[86]] in IEEE Computer Society sponsors the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD)[|[87]]. CLOUD 2010 will be held on July 5–10, 2010 in Miami, Florida.

[[|edit]] Criticism of the term
[|Larry Ellison], CEO of [|Oracle Corporation] has stated that cloud computing has been defined as "everything that we already do" and that it will have no effect except to "change the wording on some of our ads"[|[88]][|[89]]. [|Oracle Corporation] has since launched a cloud computing center and worldwide tour. [|Forrester Research] Principal Analyst John Rymer dismisses Ellison's remarks by stating that his "comments are complete nonsense and he knows it".[|[90]][|[91]][|[92]] During a video interview, [|Forrester Research] VP Frank Gillett expresses criticism about the nature of and motivations behind the push for cloud computing. He describes what he calls "cloud washing" in the industry whereby companies relabel their products as cloud computing resulting in a lot of marketing innovation on top of real innovation. The result is a lot of overblown hype surrounding cloud computing. Gillett sees cloud computing as revolutionary in the long term but over-hyped and misunderstood in the short term, representing more of a gradual shift in our thinking about computer systems and not a sudden transformational change.[|[93]][|[94]] [|Richard Stallman], founder of the Free Software Foundation and creator of the computer operating system GNU, said that cloud computing was simply a trap aimed at forcing more people to buy into locked, proprietary systems that would cost them more and more over time. "It's stupidity. It's worse than stupidity: it's a marketing hype campaign", he told The Guardian. "Somebody is saying this is inevitable – and whenever you hear somebody saying that, it's very likely to be a set of businesses campaigning to make it true." [|[95]]
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png width="40" height="40"]] || This article's //Criticism// or //Controversy// section(s) **may mean the article does not present a [|neutral point of view] of the subject**. It may be better to [|integrate the material in those sections] into the article as a whole. //(March 2010)// ||

[[|edit]] Praise of the term
[|Steve Ballmer], CEO of [|Microsoft] said of cloud computing "It's the next step, it's the next phase, it's the next transition" and that in addition of Microsoft "pretty much everybody in the technology industry is betting their companies on [...] this incredible transformation around the cloud".[|[96]] [|Werner Vogels], CTO of [|Amazon], says that "with the cloud comes unconstrained thinking and willingness to tinker and experiment without worrying too much about cost". He claims that "the cloud allows lot of businesses to scale aggressively, like Facebook apps" and that "[Amazon] are enabling a lot things in a way that will be long-term beneficial as it would help build more sustainable businesses using a lot less capital [...] The fact is that because of the cloud, today a young upstart can take market share without an incumbent having time to react."[|[97]] [|Eric Schmidt], CEO of [|Google], said "It's a new model. You basically put all your information on servers and you have fast networks and lots of different kinds of personal computers and mobile phones that can use the applications... it's a powerful model and it's where the industry is going."[|[98]]

[[|edit]] References
hide] [|v] • [|d] • [|e] **Cloud computing**
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 * 14) **[|^]** [|Forrester's Advice to CFOs: Embrace Cloud Computing to Cut Costs]
 * 15) **[|^]** [|Five cloud computing questions]
 * 16) **[|^]** [|Nicholas Carr on 'The Big Switch' to cloud computing]
 * 17) **[|^]** [|1 Midsize Organization Busts 5 Cloud Computing Myths]
 * 18) **[|^]** [|Cloud Computing Savings – Real or Imaginary?]
 * 19) **[|^]** [|Building GrepTheWeb in the Cloud, Part 1: Cloud Architectures]
 * 20) **[|^]** [|Cloud Maturity is Accelerating: More Than Just Reaction To The Hype?]
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 * 22) ^ [|//**a**//] [|//**b**//] [|Jeff Bezos' Risky Bet].
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 * 25) **[|^]** [|Gartner Says Worldwide IT Spending On Pace to Surpass $3.4 Trillion in 2008], [|Gartner], 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
 * 26) **[|^]** [|Infrastructure Agility: Cloud Computing as a Best Practice]
 * 27) **[|^]** [|Recession Is Good For Cloud Computing – Microsoft Agrees]
 * 28) ^ [|//**a**//] [|//**b**//] [|//**c**//] [|//**d**//] [|Defining "Cloud Services" and "Cloud Computing"]
 * 29) **[|^]** [|The new geek chic: Data centers]
 * 30) **[|^]** [|Cloud Computing: Small Companies Take Flight]
 * 31) **[|^]** [|Google Apps Admins Jittery About Gmail, Hopeful About Future]
 * 32) **[|^]** [|New Resource, Born of a Cloud Feud]
 * 33) **[|^]** [|Scaling Storage and Analysis of Data Using Distributed Data Grids]
 * 34) **[|^]** [|Exari: Death By Laptop]
 * 35) **[|^]** [|Encrypted Storage and Key Management for the cloud]
 * 36) **[|^]** [|Cloud computing security forecast: Clear skies]
 * 37) ^ [|//**a**//] [|//**b**//] [|Nimbus Cloud Guide]
 * 38) **[|^]** [|Microsoft's cloud operating system, Windows Azure, to go live in January]
 * 39) **[|^]** [|Google Reveals Nexus One 'Super Phone']
 * 40) **[|^]** [|What Makes a Cloud Computer?]
 * 41) **[|^]** [|The Cloud's Chrome Lining]
 * 42) **[|^]** [|2005 Software as a Service Taxonomy and Research Guide]
 * 43) **[|^]** [|An example of a 'Cloud Platform' for building applications]
 * 44) **[|^]** [|Google angles for business users with 'platform as a service']
 * 45) **[|^]** [|The Emerging Cloud Service Architecture]
 * 46) **[|^]** [|EMC buys Pi and forms a cloud computing group]
 * 47) **[|^]** [|Intel puts cloud on single megachip]
 * 48) **[|^]** [|Cisco unveils cloud computing platform for service providers]
 * 49) **[|^]** [|Microsoft Plans 'Cloud' Operating System]
 * 50) **[|^]** [|Google's "Gov Cloud" Wins $7.2 Million Los Angeles Contract]
 * 51) **[|^]** [|IBM Embraces Juniper For Its Smart 'Hybrid Cloud', Disses Cisco (IBM)]
 * 52) ^ [|//**a**//] [|//**b**//] [|Private Clouds Take Shape]
 * 53) **[|^]** [|Forecast for 2010: The Rise of Hybrid Clouds]
 * 54) **[|^]** [|Just don't call them private clouds]
 * 55) **[|^]** [|There's No Such Thing As A Private Cloud]
 * 56) **[|^]** [|NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls]
 * 57) **[|^]** [|Feature Guide: Amazon EC2 Availability Zones]
 * 58) **[|^]** [|FISMA compliance for federal cloud computing on the horizon in 2010]
 * 59) **[|^]** [|Google Apps and Government]
 * 60) **[|^]** [|Cloud Hosting is Secure for Take-off: Mosso Enables The Spreadsheet Store, an Online Merchant, to become PCI Compliant]
 * 61) **[|^]** []
 * 62) **[|^]** [|AWS Completes SAS70 Type II Audit]
 * 63) **[|^]** [|Trust Salesforce.com]
 * 64) **[|^]** [|SAS 70 Type II for Google Apps]
 * 65) **[|^]** [|Securing Microsoft's Cloud Infrastructure]
 * 66) **[|^]** [|Amazon gets SAS 70 Type II audit stamp, but analysts not satisfied]
 * 67) **[|^]** [|Assessing Cloud Computing Agreements and Controls]
 * 68) **[|^]** [|Inside Trademarks March 24, 2010]
 * 69) **[|^]** [|Open source fuels growth of cloud computing, software-as-a-service]
 * 70) **[|^]** [|AGPL: Open Source Licensing in a Networked Age]
 * 71) **[|^]** [|GoGrid Moves API Specification to Creative Commons]
 * 72) **[|^]** [|Eucalyptus Completes Amazon Web Services Specs with Latest Release]
 * 73) **[|^]** [|Open Cloud Consortium.org]
 * 74) **[|^]** [|Are security issues delaying adoption of cloud computing?]
 * 75) **[|^]** [|Security of virtualization, cloud computing divides IT and security pros]
 * 76) **[|^]** [|Cloud Security Alliance Official web page]
 * 77) **[|^]** James Urquhart (January 7, 2010). [|"Cloud computing's green paradox"]. //CNET News// . [] . Retrieved March 12, 2010 . "...there is some significant evidence that the cloud is encouraging more compute consumption"
 * 78) **[|^]** [|Cloud Net Directory. Retrieved 2010-03-01.]
 * 79) **[|^]** [|National Science Foundation Press Release 09-082. "National Science Foundation Awards Millions to Fourteen Universities for Cloud Computing Research."]
 * 80) **[|^]** [|DataCenterKnowledge.com: "IBM, Google Team on an Enterprise Cloud." May 2008. Rich Miller Retrieved 2010-04-01.]
 * 81) **[|^]** [|National Science Foundation press release. September 2008. "National Science Foundation Awards Millions to Fourteen Universities for Cloud Computing Research." Retrieved 2010-03-01.]
 * 82) **[|^]** [|HP News Release. "HP, Intel and Yahoo! Create Global Cloud Computing Research Test Bed." July 2008.]
 * 83) **[|^]** [|HP News Release. "HP, Intel and Yahoo! Attract Leading Research Organizations to Collaborative Cloud Computing Test Bed. June 2009.]
 * 84) **[|^]** [|"Open Cirrus: the Open Cloud Computing Research Testbed."]
 * 85) **[|^]** [|EGEE Web site. Retrieved 2010-03002.]
 * 86) **[|^]** [|IEEE Technical Committee on Services Computing]
 * 87) **[|^]** [|IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD)]
 * 88) **[|^]** [|Larry Ellison – What The Hell Is Cloud Computing?]
 * 89) **[|^]** [|Oracle's Ellison nails cloud computing]
 * 90) **[|^]** [|Oracle desperately seeking cloud cred]
 * 91) **[|^]** [|Oracle launches worldwide cloud-computing tour]
 * 92) **[|^]** [|Oracle's Ellison Issues Cloud Challenge]
 * 93) **[|^]** [|Cloud Computing is Hyped and Overblown]
 * 94) **[|^]** [|Cloud Computing is Hyped and Overblown, Forrester's Frank Gillett.....Big Tech Companies Have "Cloud Envy"]
 * 95) **[|^]** [|Cloud computing is a trap, warns GNU founder Richard Stallman] [|The Guardian], Monday 29 September 2008 14.11 BST
 * 96) **[|^]** [|Cloud Computing Remarks by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer]
 * 97) **[|^]** [|Amazon CTO Werner Vogels on Amazon's Web Services, Startups and Innovation]
 * 98) **[|^]** [|CEO Eric Schmidt Reveals 'Centerpiece' Of Google's 2010 Strategy]